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Halloysite clay minerals — a review

¹ Laboratoire HydrASA, CNRS-UMR 6532, Université de Poitiers, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers cedex, France, ² Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5064, Australia, ³ Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand, and ⁴ Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité des Sciences du Sol, 2/10 Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

^* E-mail: emmanuel.joussein{at}hydrasa.univ-poitiers.fr

(Received 21 September 2004; revised 25 July 2005)

Halloysite clay minerals are ubiquitous in soils and weathered rocks where they occur in a variety of particle shapes and hydration states. Diversity also characterizes their chemical composition, cation exchange capacity and potassium selectivity. This review summarizes the extensive but scattered literature on halloysite, from its natural occurrence, through its crystal structure, chemical and morphological diversity, to its reactivity toward organic compounds, ions and salts, involving the various methods of differentiating halloysite from kaolinite. No unique test seems to be ideal to distinguish these 1:1 clay minerals, especially in soils. The occurrence of 2:1 phyllosilicate contaminants appears, so far, to provide the best explanation for the high charge and potassium selectivity of halloysite. Yet, hydration properties of the mineral probably play a major role in ion sorption. Clear trends seem to relate particle morphology and structural Fe. However, future work is required to understand the possible mechanisms linking chemical, morphological, hydration and charge properties of halloysite.

KEYWORDS: halloysite, kaolinite, hydration, mineralogy, clay morphology, intercalation, surface properties, charge properties

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