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Layer-charge evaluation of expandable clays from a chronosequence of podzols in Finland using an alkylammonium method

¹ UMR-CNRS 6532, HydrASA, Faculté des Sciences, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France, and ² Geological Survey of Finland, Regional Office, PO Box 1237, 70211 Kuopio, Finland

^* E-mail: dominique.righi{at}hydrasa.univ-poitiers.fr

(Received 28 September 1999; revised 18 January 2001)

Smectites from the E horizon of podzols dated at 1200–10,000 y in central and northern Finland were studied. Clay minerals in the fine (<0.1 µm) and coarse (0.1–2 µm) fractions were examined by X-ray diffraction. The distribution (octahedral or tetrahedral) and magnitude of the layer charge of expandable minerals were estimated using intercalation of alkylammonium ions (nC = 12) associated with the Hofmann & Klemen effect. In addition, charge alteration following desaturation (H⁺ exchange) and autotransformation was investigated. Smectites from the E horizons of podzols are not homogeneous but constitute a mixture of several populations with various layer charges. Smectites with lower layer charge are present in podzols having a longer effective time of pedogenesis, suggesting alteration of the high-charge smectites with time. Experimental alteration of the smectites by autotransformation shows that a decrease of the layer charge is easily produced by desaturation of the smectite clays.

KEYWORDS: smectites, podzols, Finland, weathering, smectite layer charge, soil vermiculite, alkyl-ammonium exchange

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