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Clay Minerals; June 2001; v. 36; no. 2; p. 143-157
© 2001 Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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Research Paper

La cristallinité de l’illite revisitée: un bilan des connaissances acquises ces trente dernières années

B. KÜBLER* and D. GOY-EGGENBERGER{dagger}

Institut de Géologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, CH-2007-Neuchâtel, Switzerland

{dagger} E-mail: doris{at}creer.ch

(Received 29 November 1999; revised 24 August 2000)

The main reason for the initial determinations of illite crystallinity (IC) was to support the exploration for liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The application in 1960 of the Weaver Sharpness Ratio to core materials of a borehole from eastern France indicated that it was not a reliable tool for identifying well-crystallized illite. This ratio was later replaced by the Full Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM), the value of which decreases regularly and consistently towards greenschist facies. The use of FWHM allowed a precise definition of the anchimetamorphic zone between the upper diagenesis and the epimetamorphism. Afterwards, analysis of weak-to-intermediate diagenetic sequences showed that illite crystallinity decreases together with the amount of swelling interlayers in mixed-layer clay minerals. Technological improvements, such as computing and modelling of X-ray diffraction patterns, increased the analytical precision relative to measurements of the plain FWHM. Consequently, illite crystallinity went back to its initial use, namely detection of the transitions between diagenesis, anchi- and epi-metamorphism in smectite-free lithologies, where it can be used as a stratigraphic and mineralogic marker of alteration stages.

La ‘cristallinité de l’illite’ a été développée vers 1960 pour répondre aux besoins de l’exploration des hydrocarbures. Les recherches étaient focalisées sur la détection du métamorphisme de faible intensité (Low Grade Metamorphism). La technique du ‘Sharpness Ratio’ (Weaver, 1960), peu précise pour détecter les illites bien cristallisées, fut remplacée par la mesure de la largeur du pic à mi-hauteur (Full Width at Half-Maximum: FWHM) dont la décroissance régulière a permis de définir une zone anchimétamorphique entre la diagenèse profonde et l’épimétamorphisme. Dans les domaines de diagenèse faible à moyenne, la cristallinité de l’illite décroît comme le nombre de feuillets gonflants des interstratifiés illite-smectite. Les progrès technologiques, telles la digitalisation intégrale et la modélisation des signaux de diffraction X, apportent des réponses plus précises. La ‘cristallinité’ revient à son but premier: la détection des passages entre diagenèse profonde, anchi- et épimétamorphisme lors de l’étude de séquences sédimentaires dépourvues de smectites, et elle peut être alors utilisée comme marqueur stratigraphique et minéralogique.

KEYWORDS: illite crystallinity, illite, illite-smectite, diagenesis, metamorphism, cristallinitéde l’illite, illite, illite-smectite, diagenèse, métamorphisme




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